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The default restrictive permissions for files which act asimportant security databases such as passwd, shadow,group, and gshadow files must be maintained. Many utilitiesneed read access to the passwd file in order to function properly, butread access to the shadow file allows malicious attacks against systempasswords, and should never be enabled.
The /etc/shadow file contains the list of localsystem accounts and stores password hashes. Protection of this file iscritical for system security. Failure to give ownership of this fileto root provides the designated owner with access to sensitive informationwhich could weaken the system security posture.
By default, password hashes for local accounts are storedin the second field (colon-separated) in/etc/shadow. This file should be readable only byprocesses running with root credentials, preventing users fromcasually accessing others' password hashes and attemptingto crack them.However, it remains possible to misconfigure the systemand store password hashesin world-readable files such as /etc/passwd, orto even store passwords themselves in plaintext on the system.Using system-provided tools for password change/creationshould allow administrators to avoid such misconfiguration.
To specify password length requirements for new accounts,edit the file /etc/login.defs and add or correct the followinglines:PASS_MIN_LEN 14The DoD requirement is 14.The FISMA requirement is 12.If a program consults /etc/login.defs and also another PAM module(such as pam_cracklib) during a password change operation,then the most restrictive must be satisfied. See PAM sectionfor more information about enforcing password quality requirements.
Requiring a minimum password length makes passwordcracking attacks more difficult by ensuring a largersearch space. However, any security benefit from an onerous requirementmust be carefully weighed against usability problems, support costs, or counterproductivebehavior that may result.
The default pam_cracklib PAM module provides strengthchecking for passwords. It performs a number of checks, such asmaking sure passwords are not similar to dictionary words, are ofat least a certain length, are not the previous password reversed,and are not simply a change of case from the previous password. Itcan also require passwords to be in certain character classes.The pam_passwdqc PAM module also provides the ability to enforcestringent password strength requirements. It is providedin an RPM of the same name.The man pages pam_cracklib(8) and pam_passwdqc(8)provide information on the capabilities and configuration ofeach.
The pam_cracklib PAM module can be configured to meetrequirements for a variety of policies.For example, to configure pam_cracklib to require at least one uppercasecharacter, lowercase character, digit, and other (special)character, locate the following line in /etc/pam.d/system-auth:password requisite pam_cracklib.so try_first_pass retry=3and then alter it to read:password required pam_cracklib.so try_first_pass retry=3 maxrepeat=3 minlen=14 dcredit=-1 ucredit=-1 ocredit=-1 lcredit=-1 difok=4If no such line exists, add one as the first line of the password section in /etc/pam.d/system-auth.The arguments can be modified to ensure compliance withyour organization's security policy. Discussion of each parameter follows.
The pam_cracklib module's maxrepeat parameter controls requirements forconsecutive repeating characters. When set to a positive number, it will reject passwordswhich contain more than that number of consecutive characters. Add maxrepeat=3after pam_cracklib.so to prevent a run of (3 + 1) or more identical characters:password required pam_cracklib.so maxrepeat=3
The pam_cracklib module's dcredit parameter controls requirements forusage of digits in a password. When set to a negative number, any password will be required tocontain that many digits. When set to a positive number, pam_cracklib will grant +1 additionallength credit for each digit. Add dcredit=-1 after pam_cracklib.so to require use of a digit in passwords.
Password length is one factor of several that helps to determinestrength and how long it takes to crack a password. Use of more characters ina password helps to exponentially increase the time and/or resourcesrequired to compromise the password.
The pam_cracklib module's ucredit= parameter controls requirements forusage of uppercase letters in a password. When set to a negative number, any password will be required tocontain that many uppercase characters. When set to a positive number, pam_cracklib will grant +1 additionallength credit for each uppercase character.Add ucredit=-1 after pam_cracklib.so to require use of an upper case character in passwords.
The pam_cracklib module's ocredit= parameter controls requirements forusage of special (or ``other'') characters in a password. When set to a negative number, any password will be required tocontain that many special characters. When set to a positive number, pam_cracklib will grant +1 additionallength credit for each special character.Add ocredit=-1 after pam_cracklib.so to require use of a special character in passwords.
The pam_cracklib module's lcredit= parameter controls requirements forusage of lowercase letters in a password. When set to a negative number, any password will be required tocontain that many lowercase characters. When set to a positive number, pam_cracklib will grant +1 additionallength credit for each lowercase character.Add lcredit=-1 after pam_cracklib.so to require use of a lowercase character in passwords.
The pam_cracklib module's difok parameter controls requirements forusage of different characters during a password change.Add difok=4 after pam_cracklib.so to require differingcharacters when changing passwords. The DoD requirement is 4.
The pam_cracklib module's minclass parameter controls requirements forusage of different character classes, or types, of character that must exist in a passwordbefore it is considered valid. For example, setting this value to three (3) requires thatany password must have characters from at least three different categories in order to beapproved. The default value is zero (0), meaning there are no required classes. There arefour categories available:* Upper-case characters* Lower-case characters* Digits* Special characters (for example, punctuation)Add minclass=3 after pam_cracklib.so entry into the/etc/pam.d/system-auth file in order to require 3 differing categories ofcharacters when changing passwords.For example to require at least three character classes to be used in password, use minclass=3.
During the boot process, the boot loader isresponsible for starting the execution of the kernel and passingoptions to it. The boot loader allows for the selection ofdifferent kernels - possibly on different partitions or media.The default RHEL boot loader for x86 systems is called GRUB.Options it can pass to the kernel include single-user mode, whichprovides root access without any authentication, and the ability todisable SELinux. To prevent local users from modifying the bootparameters and endangering security, protect the boot loader configurationwith a password and ensure its configuration file's permissionsare set properly. 2ff7e9595c
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